codebase-design skill

Codebase Design

Design deep modules: a lot of behaviour behind a small interface, placed at a clean seam, testable through that interface. Use this language and these principles wherever code is being designed or restructured. The aim is leverage for callers, locality for maintainers, and testability for everyone.

To survey a whole codebase for deepening opportunities, tell the user to run /improve-architecture in Claude linked installs or Cursor, /supermatt:improve-architecture from the Claude plugin, $improve-architecture in Codex, or /skill:improve-architecture in OMP.

Glossary

Use these terms exactly: don't substitute "component," "service," "API," or "boundary." Consistent language is the whole point.

Module: anything with an interface and an implementation. Deliberately scale-agnostic: a function, class, package, or tier-spanning slice. Avoid: unit, component, service.

Interface: everything a caller must know to use the module correctly: the type signature, but also invariants, ordering constraints, error modes, required configuration, and performance characteristics. Avoid: API, signature (too narrow, they refer only to the type-level surface).

Implementation: what's inside a module, its body of code. Distinct from Adapter: a thing can be a small adapter with a large implementation (a Postgres repo) or a large adapter with a small implementation (an in-memory fake). Reach for "adapter" when the seam is the topic; "implementation" otherwise.

Depth: leverage at the interface. The amount of behaviour a caller (or test) can exercise per unit of interface they have to learn. A module is deep when a large amount of behaviour sits behind a small interface, shallow when the interface is nearly as complex as the implementation.

Seam (Michael Feathers): a place where you can alter behaviour without editing in that place; the location at which a module's interface lives. Where to put the seam is its own design decision, distinct from what goes behind it. Avoid: boundary (overloaded with DDD's bounded context).

Adapter: a concrete thing that satisfies an interface at a seam. Describes role (what slot it fills), not substance (what's inside).

Leverage: what callers get from depth. More capability per unit of interface they learn. One implementation pays back across N call sites and M tests.

Locality: what maintainers get from depth. Change, bugs, knowledge, and verification concentrate in one place rather than spreading across callers. Fix once, fixed everywhere.

Information leakage: one design decision encoded in two or more modules, such as a file format that both the reader and the writer know. Changing the decision means changing every module that knows it. Back-door leakage is the worst kind: the shared knowledge appears in no interface, so nothing in the signatures shows it. The opposite of locality.

Deep vs shallow

Deep module = small interface + lots of implementation:

┌─────────────────────┐
│   Small Interface   │  ← Few methods, simple params
├─────────────────────┤
│                     │
│  Deep Implementation│  ← Complex logic hidden
│                     │
└─────────────────────┘

Shallow module = large interface + little implementation (avoid):

┌─────────────────────────────────┐
│       Large Interface           │  ← Many methods, complex params
├─────────────────────────────────┤
│  Thin Implementation            │  ← Just passes through
└─────────────────────────────────┘

When designing an interface, ask:

• Can I reduce the number of methods?
• Can I simplify the parameters?
• Can I hide more complexity inside?

Principles

• Depth is a property of the interface, not the implementation. A deep module can be internally composed of small, mockable, swappable parts; they just aren't part of the interface. A module can have internal seams (private to its implementation, used by its own tests) as well as the external seam at its interface.
• The deletion test. Imagine deleting the module. If complexity vanishes, it was a pass-through. If complexity reappears across N callers, it was earning its keep.
• The interface is the test surface. Callers and tests cross the same seam. If you want to test past the interface, the module is probably the wrong shape.
• One adapter means a hypothetical seam. Two adapters means a real one. Don't introduce a seam unless something actually varies across it.
• Repair a leak in one of two ways. Merge the modules that share the knowledge, or extract the knowledge into a new module. Extract only if the new module gets a small interface. Otherwise the leak just moves, and callers have one more module to learn.

Designing for testability

Good interfaces make testing natural:

1. Accept dependencies, don't create them.

   // Testable
   function processOrder(order, paymentGateway) {}
   
   // Hard to test
   function processOrder(order) {
     const gateway = new StripeGateway();
   }
   

2. Return results, don't produce side effects.

   // Testable
   function calculateDiscount(cart): Discount {}
   
   // Hard to test
   function applyDiscount(cart): void {
     cart.total -= discount;
   }
   

3. Small surface area. Fewer methods = fewer tests needed. Fewer params = simpler test setup.

State contracts

When changing data contracts, state transitions, shared mutable state, or retryable effects, read STATE-CONTRACTS.md before implementing the affected behavior.

Relationships

• A Module has exactly one Interface (the surface it presents to callers and tests).
• Depth is a property of a Module, measured against its Interface.
• A Seam is where a Module's Interface lives.
• An Adapter sits at a Seam and satisfies the Interface.
• Depth produces Leverage for callers and Locality for maintainers.

Rejected framings

• Depth as ratio of implementation-lines to interface-lines (Ousterhout): rewards padding the implementation. We use depth-as-leverage instead.
• "Interface" as the TypeScript interface keyword or a class's public methods: too narrow: interface here includes every fact a caller must know.
• "Boundary": overloaded with DDD's bounded context. Say seam or interface.

Going deeper

• Naming what's wrong with a module, see RED-FLAGS.md: named signs of shallow and leaky modules, and how to read them together.
• Deepening a cluster given its dependencies, see DEEPENING.md: dependency categories, seam discipline, and replace-don't-layer testing.
• Exploring alternative interfaces, load DESIGN-IT-TWICE.md and DEEPENING.md: design the interface several radically different ways, using the workflow's delegation fallbacks, then compare on depth, locality, seam placement, and dependency category.